Ultra B-Complex w/PQQ combines essential B vitamins with PQQ to support mitochondrial bioenergetics and function. The B-complex vitamins, which are essential to basal mitochondrial function, serve as metabolic coenzymes and/or methyl donors. Thiamin and niacin support healthy neuron cell longevity, neuronal membrane function and impulse conduction. L-5-MTHF, methylcobalamin and vitamin B₆ support neuronal health as methylation cofactors in myelin and neurotransmitter biosynthesis. Adenosylcobalamin is active form of vitamin B₁₂ in mitochondria, where it maintains cellular energy (ATP) production by acting as a cofactor or MCM (methylmalonyl CoA mutase), whose activity declines with age in animal models. Animal studies suggest that adenosylcobalamin enhances mitochondrial bioenergetics, maintains type IIA fast-twitch muscle fiber size in aging animals and maintains neuromuscular junction integrity. Preliminary data show that adenosylcobalamin also supports healthy myelination of peripheral neurons innervating muscle. PQQ provides B vitamin-like activity with unique antioxidant properties. PQQ supports mitochondrial, neuronal and cellular function, at least in part by activation of Nrf2 and antioxidant gene expression. PQQ may also help to maintain cytokine balance. Studies indicate significant support for cognitive function, including increased cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism. Preliminary research suggests that PQQ promotes mitochondrial biogenesis by targeting SIRT1 and PGC-1α. Alpha lipoic acid provides additional support for mitochondrial energy utilization. Alpha lipoic acid and luteolin are both antioxidants that support neuronal health. Research suggests luteolin also helps maintain healthy macrophage activity and gene expression in the nervous system.